Toxic personnel are experts in managing upward, simultaneously giving the appearance of high performance to their supervisors while abusing others to get ahead.10 In other words, they kiss up and kick down. A common misconception is defining a toxic person as explosive and verbally abusive, when in fact most toxic behavior is passive and “under the radar.”11 Therefore, detection involves observing the wake of wasted resources and demoralized workers left by toxic personnel. Signs of toxicity include a change in climate when the toxic person is present and consistently unproductive meetings as the toxic person sabotages the process to remain the center of attention and maintain his or her narcissistic self-validation. Robert Sutton suggests two tests for detecting toxic people: first, after interacting with the person, do you have a feeling of oppression or humiliation? And second, does the alleged toxic person focus his or her toxicity on “targets” who are less powerful?12

Because toxic personnel excel in presenting a positive appearance, effective detection requires leaders first to accept the reality of toxic personnel in their organizations, not assuming all is well; and second, to collect data from a variety of sources and levels of the organization—peers, direct reports, stakeholders, and customers.

How DOD Enables Toxicity

An organization experiences toxicity because its culture, policies, and systems create the conditions for tolerating and enabling uncivil behaviors. Like a garden, which requires nutrient-rich soil free from weeds, as well as water, light, air, and a caretaker to thrive, a high-performing organization requires such elements as trust, respect, effective communication, efficient processes and systems, and leaders who create the conditions for productivity. Typically, an organization identifies the problem only as the toxic individual, overlooking the environmental factors in its culture, policies, and systems that are creating the conditions for the toxicity to flourish.13 This is like a gardener failing to prepare the soil in advance of planting by removing all rocks and unwanted vegetation, only later to pull weeds one by one. Within DOD, what are the rocks and weeds—the factors that create a toxic culture?

Leaders often take a strong stance against incivility yet respond to allegations of workplace toxicity with surprise, denial, excuses, and disbelief. Toxic personnel are frequently highly competent, dedicated to task accomplishment, possess skills or expertise needed by the organization, and at least appear to be productive in the short term. Leaders, assuming the organization is healthy, either disbelieve or are unaware that someone could be so malevolent toward others when he or she appears so dedicated.14 Most toxic personnel are experts in presenting an image of high performance to their superiors. While toxic personnel may be productive, they simultaneously create “a trust tax” that debits from results.15

A leader may be aware of but willing to tolerate toxic behaviors due to the personal or professional benefits resulting from the toxic person’s short-term factual or perceived productivity. Toxic protectors practice a subtle form of quid pro quo, either having a personal relationship with the toxic person, having a need for power and control that the toxic person’s actions feed, or benefiting from apparent high performance. Alternatively, the toxic person may exploit the relationship with the protector to advance a personal agenda. Sadly, “protectors do not protect an organization from the tragic human or bottom-line costs of toxicity. In fact, they prolong the situation by making it difficult for others who have the authority to take action.”16 Toxic protectors sabotage the organization by ignoring or enabling behaviors that degrade productivity, morale, trust, and cohesion.

Many times, an organization does not know how to deal with a toxic person and either reassigns or isolates and reallocates the toxic person’s responsibilities to other, already overworked personnel, none of which actions address the behavior.17 Or, as is often the case, the toxic person is left in place and the targeted person is reassigned out of the toxic situation. As a result, the toxic person is not held accountable for counterproductive behavior, which is then passed around the organization. Another response is promoting the toxic person just to move him or her out, which justifies and reinforces the behavior. The failure to address toxic behavior creates resentment and frustration among other personnel.

In toxic organizations, the value of “getting results” becomes the priority, superseding core values. For example, performance metrics are useful in organizations characterized by trust and respect. However, in organizations characterized by toxicity and incivility, metrics become oppressive and prescriptive as personnel often adjust statistics to present the appearance of productivity and to avoid becoming targets of hostility.18

Organizational downsizing is associated with increased abusive supervision to maintain productivity, including manipulation, coercion, and threats.19 Leaders, amid downsizing, tend to be frustrated by increased requirements and decreased resources and, being unable to express it to their supervisors, redirect their frustration toward direct reports.20 In DOD, values such as duty, loyalty, and honor reinforce tolerating toxicity to fulfill mission accomplishment. Exhortations of “failure is not an option,” “do more with less,” and “I don’t care how you do it, just get it done” tend to fuel toxic behaviors. In the era of DOD downsizing, delayering, and budget cuts, the merging of roles and expansion of span of control are common, with apparently little or no consideration given to streamlining processes and extending timelines. The combination of factors such as the pressure to produce, uncertainty, submissiveness, downsizing, abuse, and lack of peer support results in decreased motivation for individual and collective effort.21

In DOD, both military and civilian merit-based evaluation systems emphasize performance-based achievement. Although values are included in varying degrees on each department’s military and civilian evaluations, the achievement of results determines the individual’s rating, with little emphasis on values-based behavior, treatment of others, and how results are obtained. According to information shared with the author by over 25 GS-15 and O-6 supervisors, this absence of values-based feedback may be due to supervisors being either unaware of how to include values in performance counseling and evaluations, or fearful of grievances.

Since evaluations provide primary information to board members, deemphasizing values affects selections for promotion and key assignments. The ends of getting results and being promoted justify the toxic means. Also problematic is that in a zero-defects, highly competitive promotion system, any marginally negative entry could influence selection, resulting in values becoming an affirmative, literal “check the block” on evaluations. This reinforces toxic behavior, as toxic personnel are promoted and selected through the system and mistreat others along the way. Military lore is replete with examples of toxic senior leaders who were promoted through a results-driven system and thereby enabled to abuse others.22

A results-driven culture in a downsizing organization that overemphasizes productivity and tolerates toxic behavior without accountability creates the conditions for toxicity, diminished readiness, and waste. Toxic people undermine productivity, organizations allow mediocrity, and targets of toxicity develop survival techniques, all of which drain energy and resources. Current private-sector research has identified several actions that DOD could implement or improve to address the problem of toxicity.

Chief selects run in formation during Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training 5k run on flight deck of aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt, August 17, 2017 (U.S. Navy/Alex Perlman)

How to Detox and Create a Culture of Respect

Since a cultural status quo produced by the combination of multiple toxic factors is difficult to change, effective detox requires a systems approach, implementing and integrating multiple actions at each organizational level to reinforce respectful engagement.23 Respectful engagement is “treating each individual with dignity and fairness, with the operational premise that you treat others in concert with the way you would like to be treated.”24 It involves behavioral norms of authenticity, affirmation, attentive listening, transparency, open communication, trust, and mutual support. Also, successful change requires focusing on the enabling conditions and not narrowly on the toxic individual whose ingrained behavior is reinforced by a results-rewarding system that tolerates toxicity. How do leaders prepare the soil, remove the rocks and weeds, and nourish the plants of organizational culture? The answer is to feed and reinforce the culture, confront toxic personnel and those who protect them, and teach leaders to create a culture of respectful engagement.

Creating the conditions for productivity involves aligning and reinforcing the organization’s core values, which provide the principles and standards for norms and practices.25 Core values are the key nutrients for organizational culture and must permeate the organization’s daily activities—formal and informal discussions and meetings, decisionmaking, systems, processes, and performance.

The culture should create the expectation that all personnel practice the core values, not permitting anyone in authority to abuse the standards they are responsible for supporting. It is insufficient merely to create a list of values assuming the desired culture will automatically follow. Values must be communicated regularly and in a variety of ways, since, as research shows, “toxicity will be significantly reduced in organizations that clearly define values in concrete ways, identify the kinds of behaviors the organization will and will not tolerate, and have a clear set of consequences when an individual does not live up to the values. Of course, the leader must model these behaviors as well.”26 Enduring culture change requires leaders at each level to clarify acceptable and unacceptable behaviors by translating and operationalizing the department’s values for their specific organization, by enacting policies of universal accountability, and by reinforcement. Former Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter emphasized this clarification and his expectation that

leaders at every level of the Department [should] engage personally with their subordinates in both formal and informal discussion about values-based decision-making . . . as a part of their official duties. These values include, among others, honesty, integrity, loyalty, accountability for actions and decisions, fairness and impartiality, respect, and responsible citizenship. Importantly, this engagement must begin with top leaders and cascade down to each subordinate organization’s leader. Leaders at all levels must foster a culture of ethics with their organizations by setting the example in their own conduct and by making values-based decision-making central to all aspects of the Department’s activities.27

Effective clarification involves regular, continuing dialogue on the meaning and practice of core values related to such items as communication (including email), collaboration, addressing failure, correcting mistakes, giving praise, acknowledging achievement, customer service, decisionmaking, ambiguity, goal setting, and respect for diversity. Leaders must ask, “What does respect (or honor, integrity, and so on) mean in how we communicate (or collaborate, correct mistakes, and so on) with each other?” Then, to determine the extent of clarification, leaders should have informal conversations with personnel throughout the organization and collect feedback from customer and stakeholders.

Performance feedback that includes details on not only what personnel have done but also how they get it done is extremely effective in reinforcing the organization’s core values.28 One suggestion is that evaluations consist of 60 percent competence and 40 percent values.29 Since workplace relationships are a key factor in job satisfaction, retention, and performance, initial and subsequent performance counseling should establish a clear relationship between values-based behavior and its effect, either favorable or adverse, on team performance. In other words, personnel must hear how their behavior is consistent or inconsistent with organizational values and how they either empower or sabotage the organization.

Confront Toxic Personnel and Their Protectors

A gardener who observes weeds, pests, or disease must take immediate action so that the undesirable elements do not grow, multiply, and exploit the plants and their nutrients. In the same way, leaders must take immediate action using a variety of individual, collective, and organizational interventions.

A 360-degree assessment, whether mandatory or optional, is valuable for increasing self-awareness, developing personnel, and identifying toxic behavior.30 Its effectiveness for influencing change could be increased by three actions: the rater or senior rater could select respondents to provide unbiased feedback; the feedback should be used in values-based performance counseling; and the feedback should be utilized in a coaching relationship for improved performance.31 Organizations can also use a 360-degree assessment to identify and address a toxic situation, not for the purpose of obtaining evidence for firing an individual, which can become a tool for retaliation, but for identifying counterproductive behavior and creating a healthy environment.

Most toxic people are unaware of their uncivil behavior and its effects and, when confronted, typically respond with denial or excuses.32 A change in behavior requires a specific performance improvement plan, also known as targeted feedback, focusing on toxic behaviors and effects on individual and collective performance.33 Targeted feedback involves identifying the problem by respectfully and nonjudgmentally describing the toxic behavior; implementing a sequential process to target a resolution by clarifying the behavior as a problem; allowing response and discussion; obtaining agreement about the problem, if possible, and brainstorming courses of action; and selecting a course of action with goals and a timeline for regular follow-up. While most people respond positively to feedback, toxic people are resistant, requiring a specific plan and persistent accountability.

Toxic protectors, although often unaware of their actions, protect the toxic person from being exposed and responsible.34 Leaders at all levels should intervene with toxic protectors by first realizing they exist and are identifiable by the benefits gained from their relationship to a toxic person; second, by discussing with personnel their collective performance, work relationships, and climate assessments, carefully analyzing the information for toxic behaviors; third, by discussing with personnel toxic themes and patterns; and fourth, if a protector is identified, by confronting him or her using targeted feedback.

Airman shares his experience being in toxic work environment at Storytellers event on Ramstein Air Base, Germany, February 23, 2017 (U.S. Air Force/ Savannah L. Waters)

Provide Training in Respectful Engagement

The focus of professional military education and organization-sponsored professional development is primarily on developing technical skills and competencies. Leaders also need skills in creating an organizational culture that reinforces values, norms, and trust, and in confronting toxic behavior.35 Values-based experiential methods that incorporate role-playing, active listening, conflict resolution, negotiation, dealing with difficult people, stress management, and discussion of dilemmas are effective methods of teaching respectful engagement, as contrasted with ineffective information-based instruction.36 One-fourth of public-sector workers attributed their incivility to “not knowing any better” and to a lack of organizational training in respectful treatment.37 An excellent example of values-based training is the U.S. Army 3rd Infantry Division’s sexual assault prevention program, “Bystander Intervention,” in which Soldiers engage scenarios to translate the Army core values into norms, develop ownership, and wrestle with values-based action. The program’s premise is that individual behavior to intervene is influenced by organizational culture of respect and trust, not extensive information.

Additional effective methods merit mentioning, including a clear process for redress that balances confidentiality and protections for the complainant and the alleged offender; professional leadership coaching; screening job applicants for values-based behaviors38 and conducting exit interviews with departing personnel39; and termination as a last resort after adequate opportunity for change.40 The main effort of detox should be creating a culture of respectful engagement that prevents toxicity from flourishing.

A culture characterized by core values does not happen automatically and without significant reinforcement and vigilance. Since most toxic personnel are highly intelligent and skilled, appear to be productive, and excel in managing upward, leaders should not simply assume the culture is healthy. Organizational toxicity is increasing in the civilian sector, and it seems that the Department of Defense is not immune to similar factors and forces that are causing this increase.41 If the military Services do not act, there will be continuing waste, declining productivity, an adverse effect on personnel, and decreased readiness. However, if the military implements the strategies for respectful engagement, leaders could expect increased readiness, productivity, performance, motivation, and a healthy environment. Future mission command will require high levels of trust among personnel due to an increased characterization of smaller and lighter units and the prevalence of cyber warfare.42 Since toxicity sabotages cohesion, trust, and performance, the success of future mission command depends on addressing the toxic elements in our military organizations. JFQ

Notes

1 Michelle Tan, “129 Army Battalion Brigade Commanders Fired since 2003,” Army Times, February 2, 2015, available at <www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/officer/2015/02/02/129-army-battalion-brigade-commanders-fired-since-2003/22531897/>; Jeff Schogol, “‘Crush Their Nuts’: Marines Determine Working for This Commander Was Pure Hell,” Marine Corps Times, November 29, 2016, available at <www.marinecorpstimes.com/articles/marine-corps-armando-gonzalez-fired>.

2 Bennett J. Tepper et al., “Abusive Supervision, Upward Maintenance Communication, and Subordinates’ Psychological Distress,” Academy of Management Journal 50, no. 5 (October 2007), 1169–1180; Christine L. Porath and Amir Erez, “How Rudeness Takes Its Toll,” Psychologist 24, no. 7 (July 2011), 508–511; Christine L. Porath, Trevor Foulk, and Amir Erez, “How Incivility Hijacks Performance: It Robs Cognitive Resources, Increases Dysfunctional Behavior, and Infects Team Dynamics and Functioning,” Organizational Dynamics 44, no. 4 (October 2015), 258–265; Lillemor R. M. Hallberg and Margaretha K. Strandmark, “Health Consequences of Workplace Bullying: Experiences from the Perspective of Employees in the Public Service Sector,” International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being 1, no. 2 (January 23, 2010), 109–119; Heinz Leymann and Annielle Gustafsson, “Mobbing at Work and the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders,” European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology 5, no. 1 (1996), 251–275; Heinz Leymann, “Mobbing and Psychological Terror at Workplaces,” Violence & Victims 5, no. 2 (January 2, 1990), 119–126; Pamela Lutgen-Sandvik, Sarah J. Tracy, and Jess K. Alberts, “Burned by Bullying in the American Workplace: Prevalence, Perception, Degree and Impact,” Journal of Management Studies 44, no. 6 (September 2007), 837–862; Nikola Djurkovic, Darcy McCormack, and Gian Casimir, “Workplace Bullying and Intention to Leave: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Organisational Support,” Human Resource Management Journal 18, no. 4 (November 2008), 405–422; George E. Reed and R. Craig Bullis, “The Impact of Destructive Leadership on Senior Military Officers and Civilian Employees,” Armed Forces & Society 36, no. 1 (October 2009), 5–18; Judith A. Black, “The Lived Experiences of the Army Officer’s Wife to an Army Commander’s Toxic Leadership: A Phenomenological Study” (Ph.D. diss., Capella University, 2015); Helge Hoel, Brian Faragher, and Cary L. Cooper, “Bullying Is Detrimental to Health, but All Bullying Behaviours Are Not Necessarily Equally Damaging,” British Journal of Guidance & Counselling 32, no. 3 (August 2004), 367–387; Bennett J. Tepper et al., “Abusive Supervision and Subordinates’ Organization Deviance,” Journal of Applied Psychology 93, no. 4 (July 2008), 721–732; Mitchell Kusy and Elizabeth Holloway, “Cultivating a Culture of Respectful Engagement,” Leader to Leader, no. 58 (Fall 2010), 50–56; Bennett J. Tepper, Michelle K. Duffy, and Jason D. Shaw, “Personality Moderators of the Relationship between Abusive Supervision and Subordinates’ Resistance,” Journal of Applied Psychology 86, no. 5 (October 2001), 974–983; Bennett J. Tepper et al., “Abusive Supervision, Intentions to Quit, and Employees’ Workplace Deviance: A Power/Dependence Analysis,” Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes 109, no. 2 (July 2009), 156–167; Christine L. Porath, Debbie Macinnis, and Valerie Folkes, “Witnessing Incivility among Employees: Effects on Consumer Anger and Negative Inferences about Companies,” Journal of Consumer Research 37, no. 2 (August 2010), 292–303; and Al-Karim Samnani and Parbudyal Singh, “20 Years of Workplace Bullying Research: A Review of the Antecedents and Consequences of Bullying in the Workplace,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 17, no. 6 (November 2012), 581–589.

3 Samnani Al-Karim, “‘Is This Bullying?’ Understanding Target and Witness Reactions,” Journal of Managerial Psychology 28, no. 3 (2013), 290–305; Stephen Linstead, “Organizational Bystanding: Whistleblowing, Watching the Work Go By or Aiding and Abetting?” Management 16, no. 5 (December 2013), 680–696; Pamela Lutgen-Sandvik and Virginia McDermott, “Making Sense of Supervisory Bullying: Perceived Powerlessness, Empowered Possibilities,” Southern Communication Journal 76, no. 4 (2011), 342–368; Pedro Neves, “Taking It Out on Survivors: Submissive Employees, Downsizing, and Abusive Supervision,” Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology 87, no. 3 (September 2014), 507–534; Stephen Kerzner, “The Crucial Role of the ‘Third’ in Bully/Victim Dynamics,” Psychoanalytic Inquiry 33, no. 2 (April 3, 2013), 116–123; and Black.

4 Christine L. Porath and Christine M. Pearson, The Cost of Bad Behavior: How Incivility Is Damaging Your Business and What to Do About It (New York: Portfolio, Kindle Edition, 2009); Christine L. Porath and Christine M. Pearson, “The Cost of Bad Behavior,” Organizational Dynamics 39, no. 1 (January 2010), 64–71; and Christine L. Porath and Christine Pearson, “The Price of Incivility,” Harvard Business Review 91, no. 1/2 (February 1, 2013), 114–121.

5 Department of Defense (DOD), “Department of Defense FY2016 Budget Fact Sheet,” available at <http://Archive.Defense.Gov/Pubs/Dod_Budget_FY2016_Fact_Sheet.Pdf>.

6 Aaron Schat, Michael Frone, and Kevin Kelloway, “Prevalence of Workplace Aggression in the U.S. Workforce: Findings from a National Study,” in Handbook of Workplace Violence, ed. Kevin Kelloway, Julian Barling, and Joseph Hurrell (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006), 47–89; and Gary Namie and Ruth Namie, The Bully at Work (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2000).

7 Michael Sheehan, “A Model for Assessing the Impacts and Costs of Workplace Bullying,” paper presented at the Standing Conference on Organisational Symbolism, Trinity College, Dublin, 2001.

8 DOD.

9 Mitchell Kusy and Elizabeth Holloway, Toxic Workplace: Managing Toxic Personalities and Their Systems of Power (San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Kindle Edition, 2009); George Reed, Tarnished: Toxic Leadership in the U.S. Military (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015); Army Regulation 135-100, Army Profession and Leadership Policy (Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Army, in draft); and Army Doctrine Publication 6-22, Army Leadership (Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Army, 2012). Note that the Army is the only military department to have defined toxic leadership in doctrine.

10 Porath and Pearson, The Cost of Bad Behavior.

11 Kusy and Holloway, Toxic Workplace.

12 Robert Sutton, The No Asshole Rule (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2010).

13 Kusy and Holloway, Toxic Workplace.

14 Ibid.

15 Franklin Covey, “The Business Case for Trust—Leadership Training and Organizational Culture Change,” available at <www.speedoftrust.com/how-the-speed-of-trust-works/business_case>.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18 Leonard Wong and Stephen J. Gerras, Lying to Ourselves: Dishonesty in the Army Profession (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2015).

19 Neves.

20 Bennett J. Tepper et al., “Procedural Injustice, Victim Precipitation, and Abusive Supervision,” Personnel Psychology 59, no. 1 (Spring 2006), 101–123.

21 Neves.

22 Reed; Stephen A. Elle, “Breaking the Toxic Leadership Paradigm in the U.S. Army,” U.S. Army War College, 2012; Tan; and Schogol.

23 Kusy and Holloway, “Cultivating a Culture of Respectful Engagement.”

24 Kusy and Holloway, Toxic Workplace.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid.

27 Ashton Carter, “Leader-Led, Values-Based Ethics Engagement,” February 12, 2016.

28 Kusy and Holloway, Toxic Workplace; Porath and Pearson, The Cost of Bad Behavior.

29 Kusy and Holloway, “Cultivating a Culture of Respectful Engagement.”

30 Kusy and Holloway, Toxic Workplace.

31 Glen Schmick, personal conversation, 2016.

32 Kusy and Holloway, Toxic Workplace; Porath and Pearson, The Cost of Bad Behavior.

33 Kusy and Holloway, “Cultivating a Culture of Respectful Engagement”; Kusy and Holloway, Toxic Workplace.

34 Kusy and Holloway, “Cultivating a Culture of Respectful Engagement.”

35 Christine M. Pearson, Lynn M. Andersson, and Christine L. Porath, “Assessing and Attacking Workplace Incivility,” Organizational Dynamics 29, no. 2 (November 2000), 123.

36 Porath and Pearson, “The Price of Incivility”; Porath and Pearson, The Cost of Bad Behavior.

37 Porath and Pearson, The Cost of Bad Behavior.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid.

40 Kusy and Holloway, Toxic Workplace.

41 Porath and Pearson, “The Cost of Bad Behavior”; Porath and Pearson, The Cost of Bad Behavior.

42 Martin E. Dempsey, “Mission Command White Paper,” April 3, 2012, available at <www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/missioncommand whitepaper2012.pdf>.