Joint Force Quarterly 120

(3rd Quarter 2026)

From Data to Victory

  • Thinking Beyond the Battlefield
  • Mission Over Bureaucracy

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The Logic of America’s Defense Strategy

By Elbridge A. Colby

Secretary Hegseth has rightly tasked the nation’s military to refocus on its core and most essential function—fighting and winning our nation’s wars. This is the heart of his direction for restoring the warfighting ethos, and it carries important implications for institutions like the National War College. 


Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), PhD, editor in chief, NDU Press.

Executive Summary

By William T. Eliason

This October marks the 40th anniversary of what is easily the most important reform of the U.S military in modern times: the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986.


At the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force’s Officer Training School, civilians and prior enlisted Servicemembers with college degrees undergo a rigorous 60-day training program, culminating in their commissioning as officers. (U.S. Air Force/Damien Thomas)

From Data to Victory: The Race for Analytic Superiority in Warfare

By Emily O. Goldman and Robert L. Grossman

Αrtificial intelligence (AI) technologies have reached a tipping point after decades of development.


The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941. (National Archives)

Determining Operational Objectives

By Milan Vego

Full knowledge and understanding of the true meaning of operational objectives are the main prerequisites for sound planning and execution of major operations.


Sitting side by side, then-Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. John Ryan and recently fired Maj. Gen. John Lavelle testified before a House Armed Services subcommittee in 1972, as Congress investigated whether Lavelle acted within his authority or not in directing bombings in North Vietnam. (Photo courtesy of Air and Space Forces Magazine)

Examining the Lavelle Affair 54 Years Later: An Injustice That Needs to Be Rectified Now

By Mark Clodfelter

Οn December 20, 2010, the Senate Committee on Armed Services denied the Pentagon’s request, endorsed by President Barack H. Obama, for the posthumous advance of Air Force Major General John D. Lavelle to the retired list in the rank of general.


U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Idris Idris, center, a small unmanned aircraft systems specialist with U.S. Marines with 1st Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment, 2nd Marine Division, demonstrates the C100 drone capabilities to a Spanish marine during a company live-fire range as a part of Fleet Exercise 250 (FLEETEX) on Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, June 19, 2026. FLEETEX 250 represents the United States’ commitment to layer defense of the homeland through forward-deployed forces and reinforces interoperability with allies and partners through collective maritime security. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Channah Chilton)

Building the Mental Golden Dome: Arming the Joint Force for Defensive Cognitive Warfare

By James Davitch

Τhe decisive ground of tomorrow’s wars will not be a hilltop, a seaport, or outer space; it will be within the human mind. Victory will belong to forces that can rapidly discern truth from deception. Adversaries across the world weaponize information to fracture alliances and erode unit cohesion.


U.S. Army Command Sgt. Maj. John W. Troxell, Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, addresses General and Flag Officers at the National Defense University’s CAPSTONE Course on Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC, July 12, 2016. The course objective is to make these individuals more effective in planning and employing U.S. forces in joint and combined operations. (DoD Photo by Army Sgt. James K. McCann / Released)

Boot Camp for the Mind: The Role of JPME in Developing National Security Strategists

By Joseph Gagliano, Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Rebecca Russo, and Dana Struckman

Warfighting communities provide officers with the necessary skills to operate weapon systems and cultivate their experience to lead in combat, but once junior officers are promoted to higher ranks, they often lack the abilities required of senior national security professionals. Joint professional military education (JPME) plays a deliberate and pivotal role in an officer’s operational and strategic growth.


The Red Flag 14-1 cyber protection team works on defense procedures inside the Combined Air and Space Operations Center-Nellis during the exercise February 5, 2014, at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The CPT’s primary goal is to find and thwart potential space, cyberspace, and missile threats against U.S. and allied forces. (U.S. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Brett Clashman)

Cyberspace Collaborative Awareness: A Model for Unity of Effort in Homeland Defense

By Michael Knapp, Sean Atkins, and Matthew McLaughlin

Α renewed wave of cyberattacks on critical infrastructure calls into question the United States’ ability to combat cyberspace threats to the systems the nation relies on most.


A Ranger assigned to the 2nd Ranger Battalion conducts a platoon live-fire exercise at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, June 6–10, 2025. The exercise integrated unmanned aerial systems, snipers, mortars and heavy weapons systems to enhance battlefield awareness and
lethality. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Samuel Dreher)

Mission Over Bureaucracy: Special Operations Command Warrior-Driven Model for Defense Innovation

By Robert D. Seader

Τhe character of war is undergoing a seismic transformation driven by emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), autonomy, and quantum-enabled capabilities. Meanwhile, the United States Department of War (DOW) faces a well-documented crisis of speed and innovation in its acquisition system. Decades of peacetime optimization and bureaucratic layering have yielded a process that is “too slow to be competitive and is only incrementally innovative.”


U.S. Air Force Airman 1st Class Joseph Saldana, a boom operator assigned to 50th Air Refueling Squadron, observes the Alaskan landscape during a refueling mission at Northern Edge 23-1 at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, May 18, 2023. Northern Edge provides a large-scale opportunity to enhance inter-service capabilities focused on joint combat operations in the Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Navy Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Jen S. Martinez)

Disjointed Command and Air Domain Challenges in Alaska: Arming the Joint Force for Defensive Cognitive Warfare

By Jeffrey Kempf

Οn February 13, 2025, in testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, the Commander of U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), General Gregory M. Guillot, expressed concern over rising threats to the homeland. Specifically, he mentioned increased cooperation among China, Russia, North Korea, and Iran; combined Chinese-Russian bomber patrols near Alaska; and Russian naval incursions along the U.S. East Coast.


U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. Kenyah Smith, 25th Fighter Generation Squadron weapons load crew member, inspects munitions during a weapons load crew competition at Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea, June 9, 2023. Smith was one of three members representing the A-10C Thunderbolt II team during the competition, where the event consisted of building and loading weapons onto an F-16 Fighting Falcon and A-10 aircraft. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Thomas Sjoberg)

Reimagining U.S. Industrial Mobilization

By Alexis Johnson

Arthur Herman, in Freedom’s Forge, observed: “Business leaders discovered that in a crisis their most valuable assets were not just factories and capital, but their own knowledge, skills, and ideas.”


U.S. Army Pfc. Anthony Concepcion, assigned to Dental Health Command Europe, reacts to contact while completing an Expert Field Medical Badge lane during Medical Readiness Command, Europe’s 2025 Best Leader Competition at Grafenwoehr Training Area, Bavaria, Germany, March 18, 2025. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Brent Lee)

Resilient by Design: Reforming Medical Logistics to Support Global Operations

By Michael Ackman and Jon Fowler

In March 1942, the Japanese Empire seized Java, an island in the South Pacific located between Sumatra and Bali. In doing so. it eliminated 90 percent of the world’s supply of quinine, the most effective antimalarial drug in existence at the time.


U.S. Army Soldiers assigned to the 62nd Medical Brigade participate in a field training exercise, coordinating the movement of blood supplies during medical operations at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, Jan. 30, 2026. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Fabian Jones)

Advancing Blood Production and Distribution: Leveraging AI in the Expeditionary Care Environment

By Andrew Hall, Michael Carrillo, Garrion Jackson, Jennifer H. Hall, and Ryan Comes

Blood is critical to casualty care, and managing the blood supply chain in expeditionary environments presents unique logistic challenges, especially in nonpermissive environments. Ensuring the availability of blood in resource-limited, remote settings far from established medical infrastructure requires sophisticated coordination.


USS Kitty Hawk (CV 63) steams in formation during a joint photo exercise during exercise Valiant Shield 2007 while at sea, August 14, 2007. (U.S. Navy/Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Stephen W. Rowe)

"Creating the Point of the Spear": The Deployment of Kitty Hawk (CV-63) as an Afloat Forward Staging Base During Operation Enduring Freedom

By Justin B. Blanton

Within a month of the September 11, 2001, attacks on New York and Washington, DC, the United States began a military offensive against al-Qaeda’s center of operations in Afghanistan and the country’s ruling Taliban regime, which had harbored the terrorist organization since the mid-1990s.


Cover of Training for Victory: U.S. Special Forces Advisory Operations from El Salvador to Afghanistan by Frank K. Sobchak. The cover shows a CH-47 Chinook helicopter and U.S. servicemembers moving across rocky terrain beneath a cloudy sky.

Training for Victory

By Tobias Switzer

Αfter nearly 25 years of security force assistance as a pillar of national security strategy, U.S. strategists and practitioners still struggle to predict when the tool will succeed in building up a partner nation’s military and security apparatus to confront its threats. To date, the ability of any model of security force assistance to predict the results of an engagement has as much fidelity as a Magic 8 Ball. 


Book cover of War and Power: Who Wins Wars—and Why

War and Power

By Frank Hoffman

Ιn the run-up to the start of the Russo-Ukraine War in February 2022, numerous analysts from the U.S. Government and academic sources assessed whether Vladimir Putin would invade and, if so, what the likely outcome of a Russian invasion would be. The U.S. intelligence community accurately projected that Putin would invade, but the predictions about the war’s outcome turned out to be wrong. Russia did invade, but Ukraine successfully deflected the brunt of Russia’s aggression.


Book cover of Fuji Fire: Sifting Ashes of a Forgotten U.S. Marine Corps Tragedy by Chas Henry.

Fuji Fire

By Ken Allard

From the “Old Breed” World War II memoirs of Eugene Sledge and Robert Leckie, Marine grunts with a flair for writing have added immeasurably to our understanding of war. Their storytelling tends to capture the bottom-up perspectives of warriors suddenly confronted by the imponderables of military history, those unforgettable moments when events smite the best-laid plans of officials far removed from current conflicts. That same perspective frames every chapter of Chas Henry’s superb quest to preserve the memories of the 13 Marines killed and more than 73 injured when a bizarre flash fire erupted on the slopes of Japan’s Mount Fuji in October 1979.