Joint Force Quarterly 118

(3rd Quarter July 2025)


Major Questions

Doctrine and Defense

  • Building Strategic Lethality
  • Finding Deep Fakes

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Representatives from the 469th Combat Support Sustainment Battalion overseeing administration for mobilizing Soldiers calculate unit throughput during the Level 1 Mobilization Tabletop Exercise, July 16-17, 2022, Fort McCoy, Wis. The 88th Readiness Division’s Mobilization Force Generation Installation held the TTX to test the enablers of the Mobilization Support Force units to handle Soldier throughput in administration, medical and training. Every MSF unit brings a diverse and dynamic skill set critical to the success for MFGI as a mobilization platform. The MSF units provide the assets to train, validate and deploy mission-ready Soldiers to a combat theater of operations in the highest state of readiness. (U.S. Army photo by Cheryl Phillips)

Executive Summary

By William T. Eliason

Having been a part of joint professional military education (JPME) for nearly 20 years and editor of this journal—dedicated to the joint force and the concept of jointness—for a decade and a half, every day I see the power that our war colleges and this journal give to our students, our graduates, senior leaders of the joint force, the interagency community, our partners and allies, and the interested public around the globe.


Supreme Court of the United States

Is Mobilization a Major Question?

By Evan J. Ward

It is early 2027, and Chinese provocations in the South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait continue to escalate, as they have since 2018.


People’s Liberation Army Air Force J-10 fighter jet under Southern Theater Command fires rockets at simulated ground targets during live-fire
flight training exercise, April 27, 2020.

Rightsizing the PLA Air Force: Revisiting an Analytic Framework

By Lauren Edson and Dr. Phillip Saunders

Modernization of the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) has been an important priority for the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) due to the strategic importance of airpower in modern military campaigns.


U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Raylin Carter, an aerial observer from Oklahoma with Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 362 (Reinforced), 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, participates in flight operations with AH-1Z Viper pilots during a strait transit, Jan. 9, 2023, The 13th MEU is embarked on the Makin Island Amphibious Ready Group, comprised of amphibious assault ship USS Makin Island (LHD 8) and amphibious transport dock ships USS John P. Murtha (LPD 26) and USS Anchorage (LPD 23), and operating in the U.S. 7th Fleet area of operations. 7th Fleet is the U.S. Navy's largest forward-deployed numbered fleet, and routinely interacts and operates with Allies and partners in preserving a free and open Indo-Pacific region. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Austin Gillam)

From High Seas to Highlands: Framing U.S. Defense Strategy With Southeast Asia’s Geography

By Caitlin P. Irby

The 2022 U.S. National Security Strategy prioritized competing with China, and this focus seems likely to continue with the new administration.


U.S. Air Force Special Tactics Operators assigned to the 24th Special Operations Wing, U.S. Army Special Forces Operators and Ukrainian Special Operations Forces execute a bi-lateral military free fall from a U.S. Air Force MC-130J Commando II assigned to the 352d Special Operations Wing near Vinnytsia, Ukraine, Aug. 10, 2021. Training with our joint and combined allies and partners increases our lethality and enhances interoperability, allowing our forces to counter military aggression and coercion by sharing responsibilities for common defense. (U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Izabella Workman)

Building Strategic Lethality: Special Operations Models for Joint Force Learning and Leader Development

By Building Strategic Lethality: Special Operations Models for Joint Force Learning and Leader Development

The resurgence of Great Power competition as a dominant feature of the international environment brings a measure of certainty to the joint force.


Jefferson Memorial in Washington, DC

The Philosophical Foundations of the Civil-Military Relationship

By John Mark Mattox

It is not uncommon to hear the phrase “civil-military relations” used as shorthand for “subordination of the military to civilian authority.”


Deepfake concept matching facial movements with different face of photograph of another woman

Finding Deepfakes: A Tabletop Exercise About AI, Decisionmaking, and Algorithmic Performance

By Andrea Brennan, Gwyneth Sutherlin, Lisa Pagano-Wallace, and Hermie Mendoza

Early in the scenario, participants discover algorithmic limitations in an artificial intelligence (AI)-based deepfake detection tool.


SpaceX’s Starship SN8 prototype shortly after liftoff from Boca Chica, Texas, December 9, 2020.

T-BIRRD: Transforming the Future of Military and Humanitarian Logistics

By Jacob R. Bright

The adage “amateurs discuss tactics, professionals discuss logistics” resonates more profoundly than ever in an age of rapid technological advancements and global challenges.


An F/A-18F Super Hornet from the

Increasing Operational Access: A Strategy for the Western Pacific

By Shaun F. Callahan

The geostrategic challenge posed by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in the Western Pacific is a contest that the United States must counter with the collective implementation of the instruments of national power in pursuit of improved operational access for the U.S. joint force.


Royal Australian Air Force Flight Lieutenant Samantha Warren and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Junior Grade Kennedy Garcia provide intensive care
unit skills training to local nurses aboard Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy during Pacific Partnership 2022, Puerto Princesa,
Philippines, August 6, 2022.

Revive: Getting Medical Supplies and Expertise Right in Distributed Maritime Operations

By Seth Reini and Jonathan J. Haase

In the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. military medical enterprise achieved historical highs for saving lives and treating extreme injuries.


Space Force Guardians participate in Moonlight Defender, designed to focus on refining defensive and offensive skill sets of Cyber Guardians,
centered around Moonlighter imaging satellite, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, November 15, 2023.

A Conditions-Based Look at a Cyber Force

By Shiraz Khan

The 2022 U.S. National Security Strategy explicitly calls to “deter cyberattacks from state and non-state actors and will respond decisively with all appropriate tools of national power to hostile acts in cyberspace, including those that disrupt or degrade vital national functions or critical infrastructure.”


B-21 Raider conducts flight testing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, September 18, 2024.

The Long Pivot: The Development of the Joint Warfighting Concept

By Wilson C. Blythe Jr.

The final withdrawal of troops from Iraq in December 2011 left most U.S. military leadership with the desire to shift their focus from counterinsurgency—which had achieved a position of intellectual dominance in the U.S. military during the war on terror in the late 2000s—back to conventional warfighting.


Cover of the book, Human, Machine, War.

Human, Machine, War

By Frank Hoffman

The U.S. military is often criticized for emphasizing the application of exquisite and ever more expensive technology over other factors in its conception of future warfare.


Book cover of Space Warfare: Strategy, Principles and Policy (Second Edition) by John J. Klein.

Space Warfare

By Todd W. Pennington and Emmy Kanarowski

The second edition of Space Warfare: Strategy, Principles and Policy, John Klein’s landmark work on spacepower, is a substantial expansion and update to the original.


Book cover of The Insurgent's Dilemma: A Struggle to Prevail by David H. Ucko.

The Insurgent’s Dilemma

By David E. Spencer

As an expert on insurgency in Latin America, my investigations of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) led me to observe an interesting dilemma: The FARC adopted methods that made it militarily strong yet undermined the popular base it was trying to mobilize.


Air Force intelligence analysts from 9th Intelligence Squadron analyze geographical data at Beale Air Force Base, California, February 19, 2025

Intelligence Reform at 20: How Joint Military Intelligence Lost Its Groove and How to Get It Back

By Laura J. Coco-Hampton and Karalee G. Picard

In a 2015 Joint Force Quarterly article, several analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) proposed a vision for how the Defense Intelligence Enterprise (DIE) would lead analytic transformation into what we now call “strategic competition.”